Australia needs a government that turns intent into industry by signing deals and delivering dollars, contracts and capital flows. Unless the federal government and its bureaucracy become more commercially literate and economically fluent, Australia’s strategic aspirations will remain hollow.
Canberra cannot negotiate the country’s future into existence. The endless parade of memorandums of understanding, declarations and intergovernmental frameworks shows ambition, but such agreements don’t pay salaries or build factories.
During the past decade, Australia has become world-class at announcement diplomacy. The country’s shelves are stacked with agreements, dialogues and partnerships across such domains as critical minerals and defence cooperation. Each announcement has generated private sector excitement, but investment doesn’t always follow the press releases.
The commercial sector cannot hire staff or expand facilities on the promise of a framework. It cannot take a memorandum of understanding to the bank. Behind speeches and joint communiques lie small and medium enterprises pushed to the wall: companies that’ve spent heavily preparing tenders or feasibility studies, only to see no contracts or cash flow in return.
Nowhere is this clearer than in critical minerals. Australia holds some of the world’s richest deposits of lithium, cobalt, nickel and rare earths. In 2023, exports of critical minerals were valued at $31 billion, up 25 percent year on year, according to the Department of Industry. Yet most of that value still comes from unprocessed ore shipped offshore.
Australia has signed a suite of partnerships with Japan, the United States, South Korea and India. But the country lacks binding offtake agreements and processing investments that would lock in domestic value-add. The 2023 Critical Minerals Strategy promised to move Australia up the value chain, supported by a $4 billion financing facility and, more recently, a proposed $1.2 billion strategic reserve. But as of mid-2025, only a fraction of that funding has flowed, and most projects remain stuck in the early design or approvals stage.
The defence sector tells the same story. The government talks of sovereign capability and industrial base expansion, yet the cash pipeline remains erratic. In 2023–24, the federal government signed almost 84,000 contracts worth $99.6 billion. Small and medium enterprises accounted for more than half the number of contracts but less than 19 percent of the value—roughly $18.7 billion.
That means major primes still get most of the actual money. For small firms, the result is a rollercoaster: months of work preparing bids for projects that are deferred, cancelled, or absorbed by large foreign contractors. Even Defence’s internal reviews acknowledge that procurement processes are too slow, commercially rigid and risk averse. The bureaucratic instinct is to manage compliance, not opportunity.
The problem isn’t a lack of ambition or goodwill; it’s a failure of commercial capability inside the government. Canberra’s economic literacy gap is structural. Too many policy officers understand frameworks but not cash flow: they can model risk on paper but not negotiate a term sheet. In a world where strategic power is expressed through investment and production, that’s a national vulnerability. Australia cannot afford to keep confusing diplomacy with delivery.
Every critical-minerals agreement signed with a partner should include binding or conditional offtake clauses. Every defence industry roadmap should come with clear multi-year pipelines that give industry the visibility to invest in people and equipment.
The federal government must build a professional commercial cadre, negotiators who understand market dynamics, capital structuring, and procurement economics. These aren’t soft skills; they’re the machinery of sovereignty.
Steve Lacy’s 2022 hit Bad Habit captures Canberra’s predicament perfectly: ‘I wish I knew you wanted me.’ The private sector has been serenaded for years by government rhetoric, courted with frameworks and strategies, but rarely kissed with contracts. The result is frustration and fatigue. If Australia wants to build real capability, the relationship must get serious. That means putting money on the table, sharing risk and locking in commitment.
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese’s 20 October meeting with US President Donald Trump will likely produce another round of warm words on cooperation. But the test of success will be in the cash flow, not the communique.
Let’s see demand for Australian minerals transformed into signed offtake deals and downstream plants. Let’s see defence tenders converted into actual contracts, not indefinite ‘market soundings’. Canberra must evolve from a convenor of intent to a commissioner of outcomes. It’s time to move beyond policy theatre and put capital to work. Only when dollars start flowing will Australia’s strategic ambitions turn into sovereign advantage.